Beethoven's friendship with Dragonetti may have inspired him to write difficult, separate parts for the double bass in his symphonies, such as the impressive passages in the third movement of the Fifth Symphony, the second movement of the Seventh Symphony, and last movement of the Ninth Symphony. Martin, Thomas, Martin Lawrence and George Martin, This page was last edited on 29 March 2021, at 12:14. Since much of the double bass's range lies below the standard bass clef, it is notated an octave higher than it sounds to avoid having to use excessive ledger lines below the staff. While orchestral bass solos are somewhat rare, there are some notable examples. It remains popular among both singers and double bassists today. Some of the most commonly requested orchestral excerpts at bass auditions are from Beethoven's Symphonies Nos. Owing to their relatively small diameters, the strings themselves do not move much air and therefore cannot produce much sound on their own. The instrument's exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, and the supposition that the double bass is a direct descendant of the viol family is one that has not been entirely resolved. Throughout classical repertoire, there are notes that fall below the range of a standard double bass. By using a curved bridge and a curved fingerboard, the bassist can align the bow with any of the four strings and play them individually. The double bass, also known simply as the bass (or by other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed (or plucked) string instrument[1] in the modern symphony orchestra (excluding unorthodox additions such as the octobass). Common rhythms in bluegrass bass playing involve (with some exceptions) plucking on beats 1 and 3 in 44 time; beats 1 and 2 in 24 time, and on the downbeat in 34 time (waltz time). While this development makes fine tuners on the tailpiece (important for violin, viola and cello players, as their instruments use friction pegs for major pitch adjustments) unnecessary, a very small number of bassists use them nevertheless. Another option found in higher-priced padded cases are backpack straps, to make it easier to carry the instrument. As the music moved into bars and brothels, the upright bass gradually replaced these wind instruments around the 1920s. Portions of content provided by Tivo Corporation - © 2021 Tivo Corporation What's new. can be arranged for a solo contrabassist. In 1996, the Sorbonne-trained Lebanese composer Karim Haddad composed Ce qui dort dans l'ombre sacrée ("He who sleeps in the sacred shadows") for Radio France's Presence Festival. [citation needed]. [citation needed] As well, some bassists and luthiers believe that it is easier to produce a smoother sound with the white variety. Larger works that incorporate the double bass include Beethoven's Septet in E♭ major, Op. A person who plays this instrument is called a "bassist", "double bassist", "double bass player", "contrabassist", "contrabass player" or "bass player". Prior to the mid-20th century,[citation needed] double bass strings were usually made of catgut but, since that time, steel has largely replaced it, because steel strings hold their pitch better and yield more volume when played with the bow. The design of the bow and the manner of holding it descend from the older viol instrument family. 1 and No. Ensembles made up entirely of double basses, though relatively rare, also exist, and several composers have written or arranged for such ensembles. In the first decade of the 21st century, new concerti include Frank Proto's "Nine Variants on Paganini" (2002), Kalevi Aho's Concerto (2005), John Harbison's Concerto for Bass Viol (2006), André Previn's Double Concerto for violin, double bass, and orchestra (2007) and John Woolrich's To the Silver Bow, for double bass, viola and strings (2014). In the 1970s, 1980 and 1990s, new concerti included Nino Rota's Divertimento for Double Bass and Orchestra (1973), Alan Ridout's concerto for double bass and strings (1974), Jean Françaix's Concerto (1975), Frank Proto's Concerto No. Students in jazz diploma or Bachelor of Music programs take individual bass lessons, get experience in small jazz combos with coaching from an experienced player, and play in jazz big bands. 4; and the bass solos from Verdi's opera Otello, Mahler's Symphony No. Mit dem Wort Bass wird in der Musik fachsprachlich streng genommen nichts weiter bezeichnet als eine Ton- oder Stimmlage (Bass (Stimmlage), wie Tenor, Bariton, Alt oder Sopran). Bass Dhem was born in 1955 in Thies, Senegal. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 24 décembre 2020 à 22:21. The Amarillo Bass Base of Amarillo, Texas once featured 52 double bassists,[37][38] and The London Double Bass Sound, who have released a CD on Cala Records, have 10 players.[39]. The tenor clef is also used by composers for cello and low brass parts. In his A New History of the Double Bass, Paul Brun asserts that the double bass has origins as the true bass of the violin family. The feedback problem has led to technological fixes like electronic feedback eliminator devices (essentially an automated notch filter that identifies and reduces frequencies where feedback occurs) and instruments like the electric upright bass, which has playing characteristics like the double bass but usually little or no soundbox, which makes feedback less likely. One criticism of these devices is that they may lead to unwanted metallic clicking noises. See also. Shannon Birchall, of the Australian folk-rock group The John Butler Trio,[55] makes extensive use of upright basses, performing extended live solos in songs such as Betterman. such as Swing, Bebop, and fusion. Unlike the violin and viola, but like the cello, the bass fingerboard is somewhat flattened out underneath the E string (the C string on cello), this is commonly known as a Romberg bevel. Apart from the jazz styles of jazz fusion and Latin-influenced jazz however, the upright bass is still the dominant bass instrument in jazz. [50], In the early 1950s, the upright bass was the standard bass instrument in the emerging style of rock and roll music, Marshall Lytle of Bill Haley & His Comets being but one example. or A.Mus.D.) For a longer list, see the List of contemporary classical double bass players. Lack of standardization in design means that one double bass can sound and look very different from another. Ein Sänger dieser Stimmlage wird einfach Bass oder auch Basso genannt. With older viols, before frogs had screw threads to tighten the bow, players held the bow with two fingers between the stick and the hair to maintain tension of the hair. This is an extra section of fingerboard mounted on the head of the bass. In addition, the double bass sections of some orchestras perform as an ensemble, such as the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's Lower Wacker Consort. Als Bass (von lateinisch bassus ‚stark ‘, ‚reichlich‘; Pl. [9], Double bass professor Larry Hurst argues that the "modern double bass is not a true member of either the violin or viol families". "Slap style" may have influenced electric bass guitar players[citation needed] who, from the mid-sixties (particularly Larry Graham of Sly and the Family Stone), developed a technique called slap and pop that used the thumb of the plucking hand to hit the string, making a slapping sound but still letting the note ring, and the index or middle finger of the plucking hand to pull the string back so it hits the fretboard, achieving the pop sound described above. The simplest type of mechanical aid is the use of wooden "fingers" or "gates" that can be closed to press the string down and fret the C♯, D, E♭, or E notes. Three types of mutes are used in orchestral music: a wooden mute that slides onto the bridge, a rubber mute that attaches to the bridge and a wire device with brass weights that fits onto the bridge. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. 5 is often used as an orchestral excerpt during bass, The basses play the theme from the fourth movement of, Specific sound and tone production mechanism. It is held as if the hand is resting by the side of the performer with the palm facing toward the bass. The top of the instrument's fingerboard range is typically near D5, two octaves and a fifth above the open pitch of the G string (G2), as shown in the range illustration found at the head of this article. In other genres, such as blues, rockabilly, and psychobilly, the pedagogical systems and training sequences are not as formalized and institutionalized. Tagja volt annak a csapatnak is, mely mintegy 60 000 (mai értéken 1,4 millió) USD értékben rabolt ki egyetlen vonatot. Universities offer a range of double bass programs, including bachelor's degrees, Master of Music degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees. Another important performer in this period, Bertram Turetzky, commissioned and premiered more than 300 double bass works. Die Große Trommel, auch Bass Drum (englisch; [ ˈbeɪsˌdɹʌm ]) oder Gran Cassa (italienisch) ist ein großes, hauptsächlich auf tiefen Tonfrequenzen klingendes Schlaginstrument, das in vielen Bauvarianten vorkommt. This tuning was used by the jazz player Red Mitchell and is used by some classical players, notably the Canadian bassist Joel Quarrington. As with classical training programs, jazz programs also include classroom courses in music history and music theory. 2-mal, zum Beispiel bei: Zum Verwechseln ähnlich; Mignonnes; LJ. The bass also maintains the chord progression and harmony. Bub and his mentor Jerry McCoury rarely do slap bass on recordings. Bass Reeves (geboren im Juli 1838 in Crawford County (Arkansas), U.S.; gestorben am 12. Six-stringed instruments are coming back into popularity after a lot of updates. Solo tuning strings can be tuned down a tone to play in orchestra pitch, but the strings often lack projection in orchestral tuning and their pitch may be unstable. Notable jazz bassists from the 1940s to the 1950s included bassist Jimmy Blanton (1918–1942) whose short tenure in the Duke Ellington Swing band (cut short by his death from tuberculosis) introduced new melodic and harmonic solo ideas for the instrument; bassist Ray Brown (1926–2002), known for backing Beboppers Dizzy Gillespie, Oscar Peterson, Art Tatum and Charlie Parker, and forming the Modern Jazz Quartet; hard bop bassist Ron Carter (born 1937), who has appeared on 3,500 albums make him one of the most-recorded bassists in jazz history, including LPs by Thelonious Monk and Wes Montgomery and many Blue Note Records artists; and Paul Chambers (1935–1969), a member of the Miles Davis Quintet (including the landmark modal jazz recording Kind of Blue) and many other 1950s and 1960s rhythm sections, was known for his virtuosic improvisations. The actual village of Castelnau-Rivière-Basse stands on top of a hill above the main D935 road, although drivers on that road pass signs incorrectly indicating that they are entering and leaving the village. Double bass ensembles include L'Orchestre de Contrebasses (6 members),[31] Bass Instinct (6 members),[32] Bassiona Amorosa (6 members),[33] the Chicago Bass Ensemble (4+ members),[34] Ludus Gravis founded by Daniele Roccato and Stefano Scodanibbio, The Bass Gang (4 members),[35] the London Double Bass Ensemble (6 members) founded by members of the Philharmonia Orchestra of London who produced the LP[36] Music Interludes by London Double Bass Ensemble on Bruton Music records, Brno Double Bass Orchestra (14 members) founded by the double bass professor at Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts and principal double bass player at Brno Philharmonic Orchestra – Miloslav Jelinek, and the ensembles of Ball State University (12 members), Shenandoah University, and the Hartt School of Music. Early pre-bluegrass traditional music was often accompanied by the cello. "Historical and Practical Considerations for the Tuning of Double Bass Instruments in Fourths" – p.228–229, Hume, Christopher. Filmography 1997. Labels wie V Recordings (Sublabel Philly Blunt), Moving Shadow, Formation, Reinforced und Suburban Base waren maßgeblich am dunklen Sound des Jungles beteiligt, dies äußerte sich durch Weglassen der Sam… Frank Proto has written a Trio for Violin, Viola and Double Bass (1974), 2 Duos for Violin and Double Bass (1967 and 2005), and The Games of October for Oboe/English Horn and Double Bass (1991). Double bass bows vary in length, ranging from 60 to 75 cm (24–30 in). Thus, when double bass players and cellists are playing from a combined bass-cello part, as used in many Mozart and Haydn symphonies, they will play in octaves, with the basses one octave below the cellos. The slap style cuts through the sound of a band better than simply plucking the strings, and made the bass more easily heard on early sound recordings, as the recording equipment of that time did not favor low frequencies. The back of the instrument can vary from being a round, carved back similar to that of the violin, to a flat and angled back similar to the viol family. [citation needed] Some brands of rosin, such as Wiedoeft or Pop's double bass rosin, are softer and more prone to melting in hot weather. The earliest known existing concertos are by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, who composed two concertos for the double bass and a Sinfonia Concertante for viola and double bass. 100% Arabica Directed by: M. Zemmouri, starring M. Khelifati, Mouss, N. Laouriga, F. Fedjer... 1995. Bluegrass and jazz players typically use less amplification than blues, psychobilly, or jam band players. [citation needed], Famous double bass makers come from around the world and often represent varied national characteristics. Snakewood and carbon fiber are also used in bows of a variety of different qualities. Terry Plumeri furthered the development of arco (bowed) solos, achieving horn-like technical freedom and a clear, vocal bowed tone, while Charlie Haden, best known for his work with Ornette Coleman, defined the role of the bass in Free Jazz. A bridge on a professional bassist's instrument may be ornately carved by a luthier. The cellist Natalie Haas points out that in the US, you can find "...old photographs, and even old recordings, of American string bands with cello". Classical players perform both bowed and pizz notes using vibrato, an effect created by rocking or quivering the left hand finger that is contacting the string, which then transfers an undulation in pitch to the tone. The ability to play electric bass is widely expected in country groups, in case the band is performing a classic rock or new country song. Major professional orchestras typically have an assistant principal bass player, who plays solos and leads the bass section if the principal is absent. Part of the regular maintenance of a bow is having the bow "rehaired" by a luthier with fresh horsehair and having the leather and wire wrapping replaced. Other examples of chamber works that use the double bass in mixed ensembles include Serge Prokofiev's Quintet in G minor, Op. A trend for "unplugged" performances on MTV, in which rock bands performed with solely acoustic instruments, further helped to enhance the public's interest in the upright bass and acoustic bass guitars. 1941), Italian composer Fernando Grillo, and US player-composer Edgar Meyer. While amplification is rarely used in classical music, in some cases where a bass soloist performs a concerto with a full orchestra, subtle amplification called acoustic enhancement may be used. However, with modern steel strings, bassists can play with clear tone in higher positions on the low E and A strings, particularly when they use modern lighter-gauge, lower-tension steel strings. The use of only the top three strings was popular for bass soloists and principal bassists in orchestras in the 19th century, because it reduced the pressure on the wooden top of the bass, which was thought to create a more resonant sound. [23] The wolf tone occurs because the strings below the bridge sometimes resonate at pitches close to notes on the playing part of the string. 131 in 1974. The soundpost and bass bar are components of the internal construction. 5, 7 and 9; Strauss's Ein Heldenleben and Don Juan; Mozart's Symphonies Nos. The upright bass produces a different sound than the bass guitar, because its strings are not stopped by metal frets, instead having a continuous tonal range on the uninterrupted fingerboard. The double bass player stands, or sits on a high stool, and leans the instrument against their body, turned slightly inward to put the strings comfortably in reach. The double bass bow is strung with either white or black horsehair, or a combination of the two (known as "salt and pepper"), as opposed to the customary white horsehair used on the bows of other string instruments. Like other violin and viol-family string instruments, the double bass is played either with a bow (arco) or by plucking the strings (pizzicato). In classical solo playing the double bass is usually tuned a whole tone higher (F♯1–B1–E2–A2). By Natalie Haas, "Barry Bales Expands The Spectrum With Alison Krauss & Union Station", "Bluegrass Music: iBluegrass.com, Your #1 Source for Bluegrass", "Learn How to Play Bass Guitar With Free Online Lessons", "The Art of Slap Bass Presents DIDI BECK", http://www.notreble.com/buzz/2015/08/08/what-a-day-closet/, "Double Bass Orchestral Audition Lists – A Survey – Jason Heath's Double Bass Blog", List of chamber music pieces with double bass, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_bass&oldid=1014846280, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from July 2012, Articles with dead external links from April 2020, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz instrument identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bass, upright bass, string bass, acoustic bass, acoustic string bass, contrabass, contrabass viol, bass viol, bass violin, standup bass, bull fiddle, doghouse bass, and bass fiddle. In the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, one of the new "young lions" was Christian McBride (born 1972), who has performed with a range of veterans ranging from McCoy Tyner to fusion gurus Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea, and who has released albums such as 2003's Vertical Vision. The double bass eventually evolved to fit the needs of orchestras that required lower notes and a louder sound. Sam Bass (Mitchell, Lawrence megye, 1851. július 21. In classical music, bassists audition for playing jobs in orchestras and for admission into university or Conservatory programs or degrees. 39 for oboe, clarinet, violin, viola, and double bass; Miguel del Aguila's Malambo for bass flute and piano and for string quartet, bass and bassoon; Erwin Schulhoff's Concertino for flute/piccolo, viola, and double bass; Frank Proto's Afro-American Fragments for bass clarinet, cello, double bass and narrator and Sextet for clarinet and strings; Fred Lerdahl's Waltzes for violin, viola, cello, and double bass; Mohammed Fairouz's Litany for double bass and wind quartet; Mario Davidovsky's Festino for guitar, viola, cello, and double bass; and Iannis Xenakis's Morsima-Amorsima for piano, violin, cello, and double bass. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In the genre of string quintets, there are a few works for string quartet with double bass. Some bassists reduce the problem of feedback by lowering their onstage volume or playing further away from their bass amp speakers. On the 2008 album In Ear Park by the indie/pop band Department of Eagles, a bowed upright bass is featured quite prominently on the songs "Teenagers" and "In Ear Park". The scherzo and trio from Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are famous orchestral excerpts, as is the recitative at the beginning of the fourth movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Most five-string basses are therefore larger in size than a standard four-string bass. An unamplified acoustic bass's tone is limited by the frequency responsiveness of the instrument's hollow body, which means that the very low pitches may not be as loud as the higher pitches. program. This enables the bassist to raise or lower the height of the strings to accommodate changing humidity or temperature conditions. Along with the leather wrapping, there is also a wire wrapping, made of gold[citation needed] or silver in quality bows. "And this bass stands alone". Some bassists with five-string basses use a high C3 string as the fifth string, instead of a low B0 string. The bluegrass bassist is part of the rhythm section, and is responsible for keeping a steady beat, whether fast, slow, in 44, 24 or 34 time. The six-string double bass has both a high C and a low B, making it very useful, and it is becoming more practical after several updates. Classical bass students learn all of the different bow articulations used by other string section players (e.g., violin and cello), such as détaché, legato, staccato, sforzato, martelé ("hammered"-style), sul ponticello, sul tasto, tremolo, spiccato and sautillé. This transposition applies even when bass players are reading the tenor and treble clef (which are used in solo playing and some orchestral parts). Charles Wuorinen added several important works to the repertoire, Spinoff trio for double bass, violin and conga drums, and Trio for Bass Instruments double bass, tuba and bass trombone, and in 2007 Synaxis for double bass, horn, oboe and clarinet with timpani and strings. For example, the bass is tuned in fourths, like a viol, rather than in fifths, which is the standard in the violin group. Élisa Directed by: J. Becker, starring V. Paradis, G. Depardieu, C. Courau, S. Sall... Bass Dhem Filmography. Nur wenige der Bässe haben ein großes Volumen bei sehr tiefen Tönen und einen nach unten erweiterten Tonumfang, häufig auch eine dunkle Färbung. Laminated (plywood) basses, which are widely used in music schools, youth orchestras, and in popular and folk music settings (including rockabilly, psychobilly, blues, etc. Die komplette Familie, inklusive Salimatas Eltern Mamita (Marie-Philomène Nga) und Ousmane (Bass Dhem) sind überglücklich. The German composer Gerhard Stäbler wrote Co-wie Kobalt (1989–90), "...a music for double bass solo and grand orchestra". Student bows may also be made of the less valuable varieties of brazilwood. While bassists such as Jack Cook slap bass on the occasional faster "Clinch Mountain Boys song", bassists such as Gene Libbea, Missy Raines, Jenny Keel, and Barry Bales [rarely] slap bass. While the violin, viola, and cello all use friction pegs for tuning adjustments (tightening and loosening the string tension to raise or lower the string's pitch), the double bass has metal machine heads and gears. Karr was given Koussevitzky's famous solo double bass by Olga Koussevitsky and played it in concerts around the world for 40 years before, in turn, giving the instrument to the International Society of Bassists for talented soloists to use in concert. It is often made of leather and it attaches to the bridge and tailpiece with ties or straps. In funk, blues, reggae, and related genres, the bass is frequently amplified. This is done because with bowed instruments, the player must be able to play individual strings. In jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. Composers writing divisi parts for bass often write perfect intervals, such as octaves and fifths, but in some cases use thirds and sixths. Natural and artificial harmonics are used in plenty of virtuoso concertos for the double bass. Sergei Prokofiev's Lieutenant Kijé Suite features a difficult and very high double bass solo in the "Romance" movement. Unlike the violone, however, the fingerboard of the double bass is unfretted, and the double bass has fewer strings (the violone, like most viols, generally had six strings, although some specimens had five or four). [10] because thicknesses needed for regular gut strings made the lower-pitched strings almost unplayable and hindered the development of fluid, rapid playing in the lower register. While the electric bass guitar was used intermittently in jazz as early as 1951, beginning in the 1970s bassist Bob Cranshaw, playing with saxophonist Sonny Rollins, and fusion pioneers Jaco Pastorius and Stanley Clarke began to commonly substitute the bass guitar for the upright bass. Italian solo music is typically written at the sounding pitch, and the "old" German method sounded an octave below where notation except in the treble clef, where the music was written at pitch. Notes below low E appear regularly in the double bass parts found in later arrangements and interpretations of Baroque music. There are not degrees in blues bass performance, or conservatories offering multiple-year diplomas in rockabilly bass. The double bass is the only modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths (like a viol), rather than fifths (see Tuning below). Since there is no established instrumental ensemble that includes the double bass, its use in chamber music has not been as exhaustive as the literature for ensembles such as the string quartet or piano trio.
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