Great Plains toad Bufo cognatus The Great Plains toad (Bufo cognatus)is a provincially Threatened amphibian found in grasslands and dry brushy areas of the central plains, from southern Canada to central Mexico.
Habitat: Great Plains Toads inhabit creosote bush and mesquite deserts and desert scrub, prairie grasslands, sandhills, sagebrush plains, and agricultural regions, in asociation with temporary ponds, wetlands, and irrigation ponds and ditches. Females can lay several thousand eggs. 1976. and M.J. Schmoll. Calls are made at night.This toad's diet consists of a variety of invertebrates, including ants, flies, centipedes, mites, and cutworms.Females lay Eggs are laid in strings of either single or double rows of ova surrounded by transparent jelly.Tadpoles graze on submerged rocks or plants feeding on plant material and decomposing invertebrate remains.Great Plains Toads inhabit creosote bush and mesquite deserts and desert scrub, prairie grasslands, sandhills, sagebrush plains, and agricultural regions, in asociation with temporary ponds, wetlands, and irrigation ponds and ditches. (Stebbins, 2003). Heavy spring rain triggers emergence.A typical toad: slow moving, often using a walking or crawling motion along with short hops.For defense, like most toads, this toad relies on parotoid glands and warts which can secrete a poison that deters some predators. Beginning black in color, they gradually lighten up to a mottled gray or brown or black color.Adults are nocturnal. Establish research programs to determine if populations persist in areas where natural grassland has been converted to cropland or tame forage.Drainage and Degradation of Wetlands, Cultivation of Grassland, Pesticide and Fertilizer Applications, Excessive Livestock Grazing. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (,The Minister of the Environment is the competent minister for the management of the Great Plains Toad and has prepared this plan, as per section 65 of.Success in the management of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this plan and will not be achieved by Environment Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. Between 1985 and 2001, about 6-8% and 8-11% of remaining native grasslands were converted to other uses within different grassland ecoregions of Saskatchewan and Alberta, respectively (Watmough and Schmoll, 2007). Ecology 81:2498-2508.Relyea, R. 2005. While the general distribution of the species in Canada is reasonably well-known, estimates of abundance are not available, in part because of the scarcity of survey information and also because of the irruptive and unpredictable nature of their populations.The Great Plains Toad is a relatively large toad that reproduces at high levels following intense rainstorms which fill small seasonal wetland basins, its preferred breeding habitat.
Adult, subadult, and newly metamorphosed young toads disperse into grassland to forage during the summer.
There are also a small number of records from the southeastern area along the US border, possibly contiguous with the range in adjacent Manitoba (.In Manitoba, Great Plains Toads have been recorded only within the extreme southwestern corner of the province, as far north and east as Grand Clairiere.It is not currently possible to provide estimates of abundance of the Great Plains Toad in Canada because (1) the precipitation-dependent, irruptive nature of their populations results in large and unpredictable inter-annual variation in population size and (2) the paucity of records in Saskatchewan precludes a reasonable estimate of population abundance in that province (.The Great Plains Toad requires three distinct habitat types for its seasonal activities – shallow, somewhat ephemeral wetlands for reproduction, adjacent upland grasslands for summer foraging and dispersal, and most likely the occurrence of friable soils to allow burrowing for overwintering.The Great Plains Toad is primarily a fossorial.Clear and shallow wetlands and somewhat ephemeral wetlands including shallow depressions filled by significant rainfall events, are used for breeding (Bragg, 1937; 1940; 1950). The Great Plains Toad is a relatively large toad that reproduces at high levels following intense rainstorms which fill small seasonal wetland basins, its preferred breeding habitat.
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Environment Canada’s Prairie and Northern Region Habitat Monitoring Program Phase II.
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